Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Essay

Point: To explore the substances radiated at various temperatures from raw petroleum (oil) blend. Device: * Fractional Distillation dish sets and thermometer * Clamp stand x 2 * Conical jar * Supply of cold water * Rubber cylinders x 2 * Test tube rack * Small glass test tubes x 5 * Rubber plug x 5 * Evaporating bowl * Micro Bunsen Burner and seat tangle * Wooden Splint * Stopwatch * Boiling stones * Crude Oil flexibly Technique: 1. Set up the clips stands and the fractionating crystal as appeared in the outline. 2. Associate the elastic cylinders to the two open containers of the condenser. 3. Associate the opposite finish of the elastic tubing to a water tap and let the other one stream into a bowl. Turn on the tap. 4. Spot two bubbling stones into the conelike flagon and afterward empty in the raw petroleum into the carafe. Spot the jar directly over the miniaturized scale burner as appeared in the graph. 5. Warmth the unrefined petroleum blend gradually. Record at which temperature one of the mixes in the blend dissipate, and afterward gather it in the little test tube after it goes through the condenser. 6. Rehash stage 5 until most extreme temperature has been reached or potentially no more mixes vanish. 7. Test the mixes which were gathered. Light them in a vanishing bowl and record the time it takes to run out. Results: Information Table of Results of Hydrocarbons tried Hydrocarbon Compound Breaking point Range (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Shading Consistency Pentane 36 †40 Dry Extremely Low Viscosity Hexane 66 †69 Dry Low Viscosity Heptane 90 †94 Slightly shady Gooey fluid Lamp oil (Paraffin) ~ 250 Earthy †dark High Viscosity End: These outcomes demonstrate to us that right off the bat, raw petroleum being a blend of a few hydrocarbons, that the blend gave was a recreation. Also, there are observable patterns in the hydrocarbons. As the particles gets heavier and heavier, by which I imply that we go from pentane to Hexane, etc, the consistency of the compound increments, just as the time taken for it to catch fire totally. The breaking point likewise increments. These hydrocarbons have a place with the main natural homologous arrangement: Alkanes. Alkane particles are totally immersed and every carbon molecule has at any rate 2 hydrogen iotas joined to it. Aside from the two end carbon molecules, different ones are joined to two other carbon iotas each. A covalent bond between a carbon particle and a hydrogen iota is solid, and a bond between two carbon molecules is likewise solid. It accordingly takes a great deal of vitality to beat this bond, and henceforth a higher temperature and additional time is expected to break these mixes separated. The more carbon molecules an alkane has, the more vitality is expected to break it separated. This clarifies the expanding breaking points, and is likewise one of the principle reasons why hydrocarbons are utilized as energizes. Lamp oil was the just one of the four hydrocarbons which couldn't be warmed to its breaking point and thus the temperature recorded is the one that was given to us. It did, be that as it may, last the longest when it was scorched. In this manner that outcome corresponds with the one that was given to us. Its different properties which could be confirmed have given us additional verification of the way that its temperature is higher than the other hydrocarbons’. Likewise identified with the thickness, the heaviness of every hydrocarbon additionally expanded as the consistency expanded. When lamp oil was being dealt with, an extremely wide edge of contrast could be felt from pentane. Assessment: Shortcoming Improvement 1 The hardware accessible was insufficient to decide the breaking point of Kerosene Get a full scale burner and warmth the lamp oil to its breaking point 2 The distinction in consistency between the initial two hydrocarbons was difficult to tell Measure the balance of the two mixes and record the distinction 3 The vanishing bowl in which the hydrocarbons were warmed was a similar all through Utilize an alternate dissipating bowl for each mixes so the warmth from the past test doesn't influence the following test 4 The principle blend gave to us was not real unrefined petroleum, essentially a recreated substitute To assemble the entirety of the mixes found in unrefined petroleum utilize a blend which contains every one of them sort of self-evident

Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essay Example

Painting Critique Research Paper of Salvador Dali Essay 1. Choose 3 books from the McCormick Library assortment of craftsmanship books.List them beneath with their call numbers. a. Dali: The Salvador Dali Museum Collection, curiously large, 759.6, D143 b. Dalis Optical Illusions, 709.24, D143 c. Dali Dawn Ades, 709.24, D143, C.1 d. The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali, 709.24, D143 2. Page through these books until you discover a craftsman or painting or style that especially claims to you.List the canvas/craftsman/style beneath. b. Painting is the Persistence of Memory 3. Using a reference book of craftsmanship or other print assets, discover some data on the craftsman, painting, or style.List your resources(s) underneath. a. I picked the reference book and I discovered that Dali was conceived May eleventh 1904 and passed on January 23rd 1989. c. He is generally known for his oddity work 4. Using the web (at the library or home), visit a virtual historical center to discover progressively about this craftsman, painting, or style.List the w eb webpage here. a. http://www.moma.org/assortment/browse_results.php?object_id=79018 a. That this work of art hangs in the Museum of Modern Art in New York.This painting was made to seem as though a fantasy like state. I accept that Salvador Dali was considered as the best craftsman of the surrealist workmanship development and probably the best ace of specialty of the twentieth century.Dali was conceived in Figueres, Spain on May eleventh 1904 at 8:45 in the first part of the day. His original name that was given to him was Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali Domenech.Needless to express attempting to moan that name to a bit of craftsmanship just wouldnt look right to he abbreviated it to Salvador Dali.He was conceived as the second kid to Salvador Dali Cusi and his better half Felipa Domenech Ferres.

16 Tips to Cope With Awkward Conversations

16 Tips to Cope With Awkward Conversations More in Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Social Skills Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Work and School Related Conditions Although awkward conversations may seem difficult, they can be good opportunities to practice making small talk and handling conflictâ€"especially if you live with social  anxiety disorder (SAD). You can learn to cope with awkward conversations by planning ahead, brushing up on your social skills, and knowing when to use a bit of humor. How to Get Through an Awkward Conversation Try these tips for getting through your next awkward conversation. Understand the Awkwardness Manage the situation by understanding the cause of your unease. Perhaps there are lots of long silences or maybe the other person has a strong opinion different than yours. Identify the reason for the awkwardness, and you will be one step closer to finding a solution. If the other person has just said something surprising, its okay to reply with, I am thinking about what you said, to give yourself time to process the information. Keep the Conversation Flowing There is a reason why long silences can make you feel uncomfortable. A 2010 study from the University of Groningen in the Netherlands published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology Research showed that fluent conversations lead to feelings of self-esteem, social validation, and belonging to a group.?? Do as much as you can to keep the conversation going, and both you and your conversation partner will feel more at ease. A good conversation is more about making music together than finding the perfect thing to say. Find the Humor If a conversation has become awkward, consider doing something to lighten the mood. You can do this by telling a funny joke or story, poking fun at yourself, or finding the humor in your current situation. Keeping the mood light will help to break the ice and move the conversation forward. Agree to Compromise Sometimes conversations are awkward because of disagreements. In these situations, always try to find a compromise. Practice empathy toward the other person, and try to understand how he or she views the situation differently than you. Doing so may allow you to accept the other persons viewpoint without having to change your own. Listen and Paraphrase If you dont know what to say in a conversation, try simply reflecting back what you hear from the other person. If a new friend at school is upset about a poor grade on an assignment, say something like It sounds like you are really upset about your grade on that project. Often people simply want to know that their feelings are acknowledged rather than be offered solutions to their problems. Doing so also relieves you of the pressure of trying to think of what to say next. Ask a Question Perhaps you are in a conversation that is awkward because you really dont know anything about the other person. In these situations, its best to ask questions to try and find mutual interests that can turn into conversations. If you know that you will be in a situation where you will be talking to strangers, try to plan at least three open-ended go-to questions (that start with how or what) that you can use if you get into an awkward conversation. Dont struggle too hard with these either. Something simple like, So, whats keeping you busy these days? will suffice. Ask questions to dig deeper into a topic that was discussed earlier in a conversation, to clarify misunderstandings, and to show that you are listening to the other person. Just be careful not to ask too many questions in a row, or you may come across as an interrogator. Offer a New Topic New discussion topics are perfect for lulls in conversation. Have a few of these ready to bring out the next time you sense nobody else has anything to say. Some examples of topics include popular television shows, something that you all have in common (such as an upcoming test at school), and current events. Be sure that the topic you introduce is something that will appeal to your conversation partners. New topics are also perfect for small talk with strangers. Even mundane things such as the weather can be good places to start. You might even consider doing some detective work to find out who you will meet and prepare some questions tailored to their interests. Offering a genuine compliment (about a clothing item or hairstyle, for example) is also a fine way to talk about something new. Be Assertive If you find yourself in a conversation with a person who is rude, who has asked you something inappropriate, or has made you uncomfortable, it is important to stand up for yourself. Take control by saying something assertive, such as I would rather not discuss that. If you find yourself the target of a difficult person, steer the conversation away toward a new topic and a new individual. Be careful not to keep uncomfortable feelings to yourselfâ€"or you may risk ending up resentful and bitter in the long run. Keep Quiet Not all situations call for conversation. While it is true that fluent talk among friends builds camaraderie, if you find yourself in public settings with strangers, talking isnt always necessary. Your seatmate on the bus or plane might not be interested in making small talk the whole tripâ€"and thats perfectly fine. If the other person gives a lot of one-word responses, folds his or her arms, or leans away, those are signals that he or she may prefer just to stay quiet. Deal With Awkward Topics Use tact to manage situations that are awkward because of what has been said. Steer the conversation in a different direction by saying something like, Oh thats interesting. You know what else I heard the other day? and continue talking about the less-sensitive topic. If someone interjects an awkward comment in the middle of an ongoing conversation, consider pausing for a brief silence, and then continuing the original line of discussion, rather than addressing what was said (also known as saving face for the person who made the misstep). Other ways to handle awkward topics are to remain silent or be upfront that you are feeling uncomfortable. Say something like, Im not really one for gossip, it makes me feel a bit uneasy because I wouldnt want others talking about me like that. Could we talk about something else? Awkward topics can sometimes even be what is left unsaid. If someone is grieving a loss or there is a family dispute, it may form an undercurrent and create awkwardness in a conversation. Often the best way to handle these situations is to get it out in the openâ€"in a kind and compassionate way. Say something like, I am so sorry for your loss. You must be having a hard time right now. However, if emotions are still very strong (such as in a family dispute) it might be best not to spend too much time acknowledging the issue, or you risk opening up old problems. Awkward topics can also include those where you have something to ask or a troublesome topic that you need to discuss. If you know that you will be facing an awkward situation like this, try to give the other person warning so that he or she is not taken by surprise. Let that person know you have something important to discuss and set a time to do so. Exit Gracefully If there really is nothing else left to say, or you have some other reason for wanting to leave a conversation, be prepared and plan to do it gracefully. Always thank the other person for taking the time to talk. If someone is monopolizing your time and wont let you end the conversation, use an excuse such as needing to get another drink, as a reason for exiting. Be Understanding Not everyone is a social butterfly who loves making conversation. Some people may live with shyness or social anxiety and take longer to warm up in new situations and with new people. If someone feels nervous around you because she doesnt know you, be kind and understanding. If the other person lives with social anxiety disorder, it may be fear or panic that is causing the awkwardness between you. People with SAD are afraid of being embarrassed in front of others, and it affects how they live their daily lives. Dont judge someone who appears awkward, nervous, or afraid. Instead, be friendly, show genuine interest by listening carefully, and find a topic of mutual interest, to help make that person feel more comfortable. Manage Your Own Social Anxiety If conversations are awkward because of your own shyness or social anxiety, do what you can to manage these feelings. Practice social skills, read self-help books about overcoming shyness and social anxiety, and see a therapist if your anxiety is severe and interfering with your life. You owe it to yourself and your future conversation partners to manage your feelings. Explain Awkward Endings Sometimes conversations get cut short. Rather than ignore that a conversation ended awkwardly, apologize or acknowledge the situation the next time you talk with that particular person. Explain why you had to leave and how it was not personal. For those with social anxiety, explaining that sometimes social situations can be overwhelming can be helpful in putting the other person at ease. Help Solve Problems Help someone solve a problem and the awkwardness between you will easily dissolve. Asking a friend for advice is another great way to keep conversations interesting and flowing. Talking about problems and solutions can take a long timeâ€"and give you something to check up on the next time you see someone. End With a Summary Its important to end conversations with a summary and a future plan. For example, you might say something like, It was great talking about all the marathons youve participated in. Perhaps next time we are together we can plan for when I start training myself. This structured type of ending to a conversation helps to bring things to a natural close but also leads to future discussions. A Word From Verywell Not every awkward conversation is a bad oneâ€"many can be salvaged with a bit of effort. By putting the above tips into practice, you will become more adept at being that person who always knows the right thing to say to make others feel better in your presence.

The Dropping Of The Two Atomic Bombs On Japan - 919 Words

The dropping of the two atomic bombs on Japan is justified due to the severe casualties caused by the bombing of pearl harbor. â€Å"On watch with the Shore Patrol until 0400 in the morning when I turned in at my room at the Alexander Young (hotel) in Honolulu: About 0800, my slumber was disturbed by explosions and sounds which closely resembled gunfire.† On the morning, December 7, 1941, Japan had surprised the world by attacking the United States at Pearl Harbor. As stated by President Franklin D Roosevelt â€Å"Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.† Before World War II had taken place, Japan and China had started to fight against each other, thus leaving the United States in the middle of the two countries at war. Craving to have relations with China, the United States aided the Chinese against Japan. Japan was not too pleased of the United States backing of China. â€Å"The United States was the main supplier of the oil, steel, iron, and other commodities needed by the Japanese military as it became bogged down by Chinese resistance but, in January 1940, Japan abrogated the existing treaty of commerce with the United States.† In the early stages of World War II, Germany showed off its new army, new tanks and new weapons to the world. President Roosevelt had established a committee that its primary focus was the development of new weapons toShow MoreRelatedWas the Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima Justified Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesWere the Americans justified in dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945? The dropping of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945 by the Americans is a very controversial issue with no definite answer. Both sides of the issue have very justifiable arguments. Reasons for dropping the bomb include the fact that Truman’s options were limited at this point in the war, that the bomb did have the desired outcome of Japans surrender and that the majority of reasonsRead MoreThe Manhattan Project1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe process of building the two atomic bombs was long and hard. The Manhattan project employed 120,000 people, and cost almost $2 billion. Although there were 120,000 Americans working on the project only a select group of scientist knew of the atomic bomb development. Vice president Truman never knew about the development of the bombs until he became president. The axis powers did not know what was going on with the development of the atomic bomb; there was a soviet spy in the project. The sovietRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Is Not A Military Necessity1210 Words   |  5 PagesMacarthur, and Eisenhower, stated the dropping of the atomic bomb â€Å"was not a military necessity.† Japan was already struggling greatly to maintain itself, and they felt that it would fall soon. Leahy even went as far as to say that a continuation of the blockade of Japan and bombings would have been enough to bring Japan to its knees. These generals acknowledged the efficiency of the atomic bomb, but could not reconcile that efficiency to the devastating consequences. Two mainly civilian cities were almostRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs910 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 20th century, specifically the year 1945, the United States of America had two atomic bombs that the commander and chief, and president at the time, Harry Truman, knew about. President Truman plan was to drop the bombs on two of Japans cities, Hiroshima first and then Nagasaki. Truman’s plans went accordingly, which to this day leads to a very controvers ial topic on whether or not dropping the atomic bombs was a good or bad thing. There is evidence and reasoning to back up both claims, inRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many peopleRead MorePresident Truman and the First Atomic Bomb Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesAtomic Bomb Essay In 1945, World War Two was coming to an end. Following Adolf Hitler’s suicide, and Nazi Germany’s unconditional surrender on May 7, 1945, the war in Europe was finally over. The allies began began postwar planning for future, as well as establishment of post-war order and peace treaties issues. America’s war wasn’t done yet as they were still fighting Japan, eventually pushing them back to their main islandRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Was The Right Decision835 Words   |  4 Pageswas the first country to use the atomic bomb in warfare. On August 6, 1945, the first of two atomic bombs were dropped. The first bomb was named, â€Å"Little Boy,† and was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. The second bomb was named, â€Å"Fat Man,† (History.com Staff 2009) and was dropped on the city of Nagasaki three days later. The bombs resulted in thousands of casualties and radiation among the civilians. Dropping the atomic bomb was the right decision because the bomb would end the war, it was revengeRead MoreAround Seventy Eight Years Ago, World War Two Was Inevitable997 Words   |  4 PagesAround seventy eight years ago, World War Two was inevitable and would last for six years, while becoming one of the world’s greatest conflicts. With the catastrophic effects of The Great War, the further advancement of current technology and the advent of newer warfare, World War Two was set to be the turning point of the twentieth century. The war caused the Berlin wall to separate Germany, it indirectly caused the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. World War Two’s legacyRead MoreTruman and Atomic Bombs649 Words   |  3 Pagesthen write an editorial on Harry S Truman’s decision to order the dropping of the atom bomb. HARRY S TRUMAN amp; THE DECISION TO ORDER THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB Boom! Boom! Seventy thousands Japanese citizens were perished instantly after the first atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Japanese still refused to surrender to Allied forces. On August 9, 1945, with the dropping of the second atomic bomb in Nagasaki, where eighty thousands people were vaporized, JapaneseRead MoreAtomic Bomb Necessary Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atomic Bomb – Was It Necessary? â€Å"In 1957, with the arms race in full swing, the Department of Defense had decided it was just a matter of time before an airplane transporting an atomic bomb would crash on American soil, unleashing a radioactive disaster the likes of which the world had never seem.† On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, killing 20,000 soldiers and 70,000 – 126,000 civilians. On August 9, 1945, the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing

Asian Immigrants During The Nineteenth Century - 1590 Words

Asian immigrants in the history of United States had a hard time gaining legal citizenship. For instance, the Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded both free blacks and Asian Americans from U.S. citizenship, while the 1870 revision expanded the white racial qualification to include â€Å"aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent,† keeping aliens of Asian origin excluded. Even under harsh conditions, Asian immigrants did not give up attempting to be naturalized after 1870. However, it is remarkable that no Asian immigrants sought naturalized citizenship by claiming that they were Blacks. Instead, they learned the strategy to cast themselves as Whites while applying for U.S. citizenship. This noteworthy historical phenomena†¦show more content†¦In 1909, however, Najour successfully obtained his naturalization rights because he was considered as part of the Caucasian or white race, decided by the 5th Court of Appeals. According to District Judge Newma n who made this decision, the term â€Å"free white persons† used in the statutes to exclude Asians was not referring to skin color but to race, and since scientific evidences proved that Syrians belonged to Caucasian race, Najour should be considered as belonging to white race despite his dark skin color. This court decision revealed that Caucasian was equal to White and color was not legally related to race, showing the expansion of white notion. At this point, not only would the people of light complexion and European descents be regarded as Whites relying on common understandings, but also people of Caucasian race based on scientific evidences. This, in turn, caused the development of legal split between scientific understandings and common knowledge, which is one of the major significances of In re Najour. Different courts chose different theories to make decisions on naturalization cases. Some courts used common knowledge, while others preferred scientific evidence. However, more importantly, In re Najour also helps showcase the value of whiteness. As was mentioned above, the fact that aliens could be granted citizenship based on scientific evidences

Streams of Silver 10. Bonds of Reputation Free Essays

The sun beamed brightly on the morning of the first day out from Longsaddle. The companions, refreshed by their visit with the Harpells, rode at a strong pace, but still managed to enjoy the clear weather and the clear road. The land was flat and unmarked, not a tree or hill anywhere near. We will write a custom essay sample on Streams of Silver 10. Bonds of Reputation or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Three days to Nesme, maybe four,† Regis told them. â€Å"More to three if the weather holds,† said Wulfgar. Drizzt shifted under his cowl. However pleasant the morning might seem to them, he knew they were still in the wilds. Three days could prove to be a long ride indeed. â€Å"What do ye know of this place, Nesme?† Bruenor asked Regis. â€Å"Just what Harkle told us,† Regis replied. â€Å"A fair-sized city, trading folk. But a careful place. I have never been there, but tales of the brave people living on the edge of the Evermoors reach far across the northland.† â€Å"I am intrigued by the Evermoors,† said Wulfgar. â€Å"Harkle would say little of the place, just shake his head and shiver whenever I asked of it.† â€Å"Not to doubt, a place with a name beyond truth,† Bruenor said, laughing, unimpressed by reputations. â€Å"Could it be worse than the dale?† Regis shrugged, not fully convinced by the dwarf’s argument. â€Å"The tales of the Trollmoors, for that is the name given to those lands, may be exaggerated, but they are always foreboding. Every city in the north salutes the bravery of the people of Nesme for keeping the trading route along the Surbrin open in the face of such trials.† Bruenor laughed again. â€Å"Might it be that the tales be coming from Nesme, to paint them stronger than what they are?† Regis did not argue. By the time they broke for lunch, a high haze veiled the sunshine. Away to the north, a black line of clouds had appeared, rushing their way. Drizzt had expected as much. In the wild, even the weather proved an enemy. That afternoon the squall line rolled over them, carrying sheets of rain and hailstones that clinked off of Bruenor’s dented helm. Sudden cuts of lightning sliced the darkened sky and the thunder nearly knocked them from their mounts. But they plodded on through the deepening mud. â€Å"This is the true test of the road!† Drizzt yelled to them through the howling wind. â€Å"Many more travelers are defeated by storms than by orcs, because they do not anticipate the dangers when they begin their journey!† â€Å"Bah! A summer rain is all!† Bruenor snorted defiantly. As if in prideful reply, a lightning bolt exploded just a few yards to the side of the riders. The horses jumped and kicked. Bruenor’s pony went down, stumbling split-legged into the mud and nearly crushing the stunned dwarf in its scramble. His own mount out of control, Regis managed to dive from the saddle and roll away. Bruenor got to his knees and wiped the mud from his eyes, cursing all the while. â€Å"Damn!† he spat, studying the pony’s movements. â€Å"The thing’s lame!† Wulfgar steadied his own horse and tried to start after Regis’s bolting pony, but the hailstones, driven by the wind, pelted him, blinded him, and stung his horse, and again he found himself fighting to hold his seat. Another lightning bolt thundered in. And another. Drizzt, whispering softly and covering his horse’s head with his cloak to calm it, moved slowly beside the dwarf. â€Å"Lame!† Bruenor shouted again, although Drizzt could barely hear him. Drizzt only shook his head helplessly and pointed to Bruenor’s axe. More lightning came, and another blast of wind. Drizzt rolled to the side of his mount to shield himself, aware that he could not keep the beast calm much longer. The hailstones began to come larger, striking with the force of slung bullets. Drizzt’s terrified horse jerked him to the ground and, bucked away, trying to flee beyond the reach of the punishing storm. Drizzt was up quickly beside Bruenor, but any emergency plans the two might have had were immediately deterred, for then Wulfgar stumbled back toward them. He was walking – barely – leaning against the wind’s push, using it to hold him upright. His eyes seemed droopy, his jaw twitched, and blood mixed with the rain on his cheek. He looked at his friends blankly, as if he had no comprehension of what had happened to him. Then he fell, face down, into the mud at their feet. A shrill whistle cut through the blunt wall of wind, a singular point of hope against the storm’s mounting power. Drizzt’s keen ears caught it as he and Bruenor hoisted their young friend’s face from the muck. So far away the whistle seemed, but Drizzt understood how storms could distort one’s perceptions. â€Å"What?† Bruenor asked of the noise, noticing the drow’s sudden reaction, for Bruenor had not heard the call. â€Å"Regis!† Drizzt answered. He started dragging Wulfgar in the direction of the whistle, Bruenor following his lead. They didn’t have time to discern if the young man was even alive. The quick-thinking halfling saved them that day. Fully aware of the killing potential of squalls rolling down from the Spine of the World, Regis had crawled around in search of some shelter in the empty land. He stumbled across a hole in the side of a small ridge, an old wolf den perhaps, empty now. Following the beacon of his whistles, Drizzt and Bruenor soon found him. â€Å"It’ll fill with the rain and we’ll be drowned!† Bruenor yelled, but he helped Drizzt drag Wulfgar inside and prop him up against the rear wall of the cave, then took his place beside his friends as they worked to build a barrier of dirt and their remaining packs against the feared flood. A groan from Wulfgar sent Regis scurrying to his side. â€Å"He’s alive!† the halfling proclaimed. â€Å"And his wounds don’t seem too bad!† â€Å"Tougher’n a badger in a corner,† Bruenor remarked. Soon they had their den tolerable, if not comfortable, and even Bruenor stopped his complaining. â€Å"The true test of the road,† Drizzt said again to Regis, trying to cheer up his thoroughly miserable friend as they sat in the mud and rode out the night, the incessant booming of the thunder and pounding of the hail a constant reminder of the small margin of safety. In reply, Regis poured a stream of water out of his boot. â€Å"How many miles do ye reckon we made?† Bruenor grumbled at Drizzt. â€Å"Ten, perhaps,† the drow answered. â€Å"Two weeks to Nesme, at this rate!† Bruenor muttered, folding his arms across his chest. â€Å"The storm will pass,† Drizzt offered hopefully, but the dwarf was no longer listening. The next day began without rain, though thick gray clouds hung low in the sky. Wulfgar was fine by morning, but he still did not understand what had happened to him. Bruenor insisted that they start out at once, though Regis would have preferred that they remain in their hole until they were certain the storm had passed. â€Å"Most of the provisions are lost,† Drizzt reminded the halfling. â€Å"You might not find another meal beyond a pittance of dried bread until we reach Nesme.† Regis was the first one out of the hole. Unbearable humidity and muddy ground kept the pace slow, and the friends soon found their knees aching from the constant twisting and sloshing. Their sodden clothes clung to them uncomfortably and weighed on their every step. They came upon Wulfgar’s horse, a burned and smoking form half-buried in the mud. â€Å"Lightning,† Regis observed. The three looked at their barbarian friend, amazed that he could have survived such a hit. Wulfgar, too, stared in shock, realizing what had dropped him from his mount in the night. â€Å"Tougher’n a badger!† Bruenor hailed again to Drizzt. Sunshine teasingly found a crack in the overcast now and then. The sunlight was nothing substantial, though, and by noon, the day had actually grown darker. Distant thunder foretold a dismal afternoon. The storm had already spent its killing might, but that night they found no shelter beyond their wet clothes, and whenever the crackle of lightning lit up the sky, four hunched forms could be seen sitting in the mud, their heads downcast as they accepted their fate in helpless resignation. For two more days they lumbered on through the rain and wind, having little choice and nowhere to go but forward. Wulfgar proved to be the savior of the party’s morale at this low time. He scooped Regis up from the sodden ground, tossing the halfling easily onto his back, and explaining that he needed the extra weight for balance. By sparing the halfling’s pride this way, the barbarian even managed to convince the surly dwarf to ride for a short time. And always, Wulfgar was indomitable. â€Å"A blessing, I tell you,† he kept crying at the gray heavens. â€Å"The storm keeps the insects and the orcs out of our faces! And how many months shall it be before we want for water?† He worked hard to keep their spirits high. At one point, he watched the lightning closely, timing the delay between the flash and the ensuing thunder. As they neared the blackened skeleton of a long-dead tree, the lightning flashed and Wulfgar pulled his trick. Yelling â€Å"Tempus!† he heaved his warhammer so that it smashed into, and leveled, the trunk at precisely the moment the thunder exploded around them. His amused friends looked back to him only to find him standing proud, arms and eyes uplifted to the gods as though they had personally answered his call. Drizzt, accepting this whole ordeal with his customary stoicism, silently applauded his young friend and knew again, even more than before, that they had made a wise decision in bringing him along. The drow understood that his own duty in these rough times was to continue his role as sentry, keeping his diligent guard despite the barbarian’s proclamation of safety. Finally, the storm was blown away by the same brisk wind that had ushered it in. The bright sunshine and clear blue skies of the subsequent dawn lightened the companions’ mood immeasurably and allowed them to think again of what lay ahead. Especially Bruenor. The dwarf leaned forward in his pressing march, just as he had when they had first begun their journey back in Icewind Dale. Red beard wagging with the intensity of his pumping stride, Bruenor found his narrow focus once again. He fell back into the dreams of his homeland, seeing the flickering shadows of the torchlight against the silver-streamed walls and the wondrous artifacts of his people’s meticulous labors. His heightened concentration on Mithril Hall over the last few months had sparked clearer, and new, memories in him, and on the road now he remembered, for the first time in more than a century, the Hall of Dumathoin. The dwarves of Mithril Hall had made a fine living in the trade of their crafted items, but they always kept their very finest pieces, and the most precious gifts bestowed upon them from outsiders, to themselves. In a large and decorated chamber that opened wide the eyes of every visitor, the legacy of Bruenor’s ancestors sat in open display, serving as inspiration for the clan’s future artists. Bruenor chuckled softly at the memory of the wondrous hall and the marvelous pieces, mostly weapons and armor. He looked at Wulfgar striding beside him, and at the mighty warhammer he had crafted the year before. Aegis-fang might have hung in the Hall of Dumathoin if Bruenor’s clan still ruled Mithril Hall, sealing Bruenor’s immortality in the legacy of his people. But watching Wulfgar handling the hammer, swinging it as easily as he would swing his own arm, Bruenor had no regrets. The next day brought more good news. Shortly after they broke camp, the friends discovered that they had traveled farther than they had anticipated during the trials of the storm, for as they marched, the landscape around them went through subtle but definite transformations. Where before the ground had been sparsely overgrown with thin patches of scraggly weeds, a virtual sea of mud under the torrent of rain, they now found lush grasses and scattered copses of tall elms. Cresting a final ridge confirmed their suspicions, for before them lay the Dessarin Valley. A few miles ahead, swollen from the spring melt and the recent storm, and clearly visible from their high perch, the arm of the great river rolled steadily along its southbound trek. The long winter dominated this land, but when they finally bloomed, the plants here made up for their short season with a vibrancy unmatched in all the world. Rich colors of spring surrounded the friends as they made their way down the slope to the river. The carpet of grass was so thick that they took off their boots and walked barefoot through the spongy softness. The vitality here was truly obvious, and contagious. â€Å"Ye should see the halls,† Bruenor remarked on sudden impulse. â€Å"Veins of purest mithril wider than yer hand! Streams of silver, they be, and bested in beauty only by what a dwarf’s hand makes of ’em.† â€Å"The want of such a sight keeps our path running straight through the hardships,† Drizzt replied. â€Å"Bah!† Bruenor snorted good-heartedly. â€Å"Ye’re here because I tricked ye into being here, elf. Ye had run outa reasons for holding back me adventure anymore!† Wulfgar had to chuckle. He had been in on the deception that had duped Drizzt into agreeing to make this journey. After the great battle in Ten-Towns with Akar Kessell, Bruenor had feigned mortal injury, and on his apparent deathbed had begged the drow to journey with him to his ancient homeland. Thinking the dwarf about to expire, Drizzt could not refuse. â€Å"And yerself!† Bruenor roared at Wulfgar. â€Å"I see why ye’ve come, even if ye’re skull’s too thick for ye to know!† â€Å"Pray tell me,† Wulfgar replied with a smile. â€Å"Ye’re running! But ye can’t get away!† the dwarf cried. Wulfgar’s mirth shifted to confusion. â€Å"The girl’s spooked him, elf,† Bruenor explained to Drizzt. â€Å"Catti-brie’s caught him in a net his muscles can no’ break!† Wulfgar laughed along with Bruenor’s blunt conclusions, taking no offense. But in the images triggered by Bruenor’s allusions to Catti-brie, memories of a sunset view on the face of Kelvin’s Cairn, or of hours spent talking on the rise of rocks called Bruenor’s Climb, the young barbarian found a disturbing element of truth in the dwarf’s observations. â€Å"And what of Regis?† Drizzt asked Bruenor. â€Å"Have you discerned his motive for coming along? Might it be his love of ankle-deep mud that sucks his little legs in to the knees?† Bruenor stopped laughing and studied the halfling’s reaction to the drow’s questions. â€Å"Nay, I have not,† he replied seriously after a few unrevealing moments. â€Å"This alone I know: If Rumblebelly chooses the road, it means only that the mud and the orcs measure up better than what he’s leaving behind.† Bruenor kept his eyes upon his little friend, again seeking some revelations in the halfling’s response. Regis kept his head bowed, watching his furry feet, visible below the diminishing roll of his belly for the first times in many months, as they plowed through the thick waves of green. The assassin, Entreri, was a world away, he thought. And he had no intention of dwelling on a danger that had been avoided. A few miles up the bank they came upon the first major fork in the river, where the Surbrin, from the northeast, emptied into the main flow of the northern arm of the great river network. The friends looked for a way to cross the larger river, the Dessarin, and get into the small valley between it and the Surbrin. Nesme, their next, and final stopover before Silverymoon, was farther up the Surbrin, and though the city was actually on the east bank of the river, the friends, taking the advice of Harkle Harpell, had decided to travel up the west bank and avoid the lurking dangers of the Evermoors. They crossed the Dessarin without too much trouble, thanks to the incredible agility of the drow, who ran out over the river along an overhanging tree limb and leaped to a similar perch on the branch of a tree on the opposite bank. Soon after, they were all easily plodding along the Surbrin, enjoying the sunshine, the warm breeze, and the endless song of the river. Drizzt even managed to fell a deer with his bow, promising a fine supper of venison and restocked packs for the road ahead. They camped right down by the water, under starshine for the first time in four nights, sitting around a fire and listening to Bruenor’s tales of the silvery halls and the wonders they would find at the end of their road. The serenity of the night did not carry over into the morning, though, for the friends were awakened by the sounds of battle. Wulfgar immediately scrambled up a nearby tree to learn who the combatants were. â€Å"Riders!† he yelled, leaping and drawing out his warhammer even before he hit the ground. â€Å"Some are down! They do battle with monsters I do not know!† He was off and running to the north, Bruenor on his heels, and Drizzt circling to their flank down along the river. Less enthusiastic, Regis hung back, pulling out his small mace but hardly preparing for open battle. Wulfgar was first on the scene. Seven riders were still up, trying vainly to maneuver their mounts into some form of a defensive line. The creatures they battled were quick and had no fear of running under stamping legs to trip up the horses. The monsters were only about three feet high, with arms twice that length. They resembled little trees, though undeniably animated, running about wildly, whacking with their clublike arms or, as another unfortunate rider discovered just as Wulfgar entered the fray, winding their pliable limbs around their foes to pull them from their mounts. Wulfgar barreled between two creatures, knocking them aside, and bore down on the one that had just taken down the rider. The barbarian underestimated the monsters, though, for their rootlike toes found balance quickly and their long arms caught him from behind before he had gone two steps, grappling him on either side and stopping him in his tracks. Bruenor charged in right behind. The dwarf’s axe chopped through one of the monsters, splitting it down the middle like firewood, and then cut in wickedly on the other, sending a great chunk of its torso flying away. Drizzt came up even with the battle, anxious but tempered, as always, by the overruling sensibility that had kept him alive through hundreds of encounters. He moved down to the side, below the drop of the bank, where he discovered a ramshackle bridge of logs spanning the Surbrin. The monsters had built it, Drizzt knew; apparently they weren’t unthinking beasts. Drizzt peered over the bank. The riders had rallied around the unexpected reinforcements, but one right before him had been wrapped by a monster and was being dragged from his horse. Seeing the treelike nature of their weird foes, Drizzt understood why the riders all wielded axes, and wondered how effective his slender scimitars would prove. But he had to act. Springing from his concealment, he thrust both his scimitars at the creature. They nicked into the mark, having no more effect than if Drizzt had stabbed a tree. Even so, the drow’s attempt had saved the rider. The monster clubbed its victim one last time to keep him dazed, then released its hold to face Drizzt. Thinking quickly, the drow went to an alternate attack, using his ineffective blades to parry the clubbing limbs. Then, as the creature rushed in on him, he dove at its feet, uprooting it, and rolled it back over him toward the riverbank. He poked his scimitars into the barklike skin and pushed off, sending the monster tumbling toward the Surbrin. It caught a hold before it went into the water, but Drizzt was on it again. A flurry of well-placed kicks put the monster into the flow and the river carried it away. The rider, by this time, had regained his seat and his wits. He stepped his horse to the bank to thank his rescuer. Then he saw the black skin. â€Å"Drow!† he screamed, and his axeblade cut down. Drizzt was caught off guard. His keen reflexes got one blade up enough to deflect the edge of the axe, but the flat of the weapon struck his head and sent him reeling. He dove with the momentum of the hit and rolled, trying to put as much ground between himself and the rider as he could, realizing that the man would kill him before he could recover. â€Å"Wulfgar!† Regis screamed from his own concealment a short way back on the bank. The barbarian finished off one of the monsters with a thunderous smack that sent cracks all along its length, and turned just as the rider was bringing his horse about to get at Drizzt. Wulfgar roared in rage and bolted from his own fight, grabbing the horse’s bridle while it was still in its turn and heaving with all his strength. Horse and rider toppled to the ground. The horse was up again at once, shaking its head and nervously trotting about, but the rider stayed down, his leg crushed under his mount’s weight in the fall. The remaining five riders worked in unison now, charging into groups of monsters and scattering them. Bruenor’s wicked axe cut away, the dwarf all the while singing a woodchopper’s song that he had learned as a boy. â€Å"Go split the wood for the fire, me son, Heat up the kettle and the meal’s begun!† he sang out as he methodically cut down one monster after another. Wulfgar defensively straddled Drizzt’s form, his mighty hammer shattering, with a single strike, any of the monsters that ventured too near. The rout was on, and in seconds the few surviving creatures scampered in terror across the bridge over the Surbrin. Three riders were down and dead, a fourth leaned heavily against his horse, nearly overcome by his wounds, and the one Wulfgar had dropped had fainted away for his agony. But the five remaining astride did not go to their wounded. They formed a semi-circle around Wulfgar and Drizzt, who was just now getting back to his feet, and kept the two pinned against the riverbank with axes ready. â€Å"This is how ye welcome yer rescuers?† Bruenor barked at them, slapping aside one horse so that he could join his friends. â€Å"Me bet’s that the same folk don’t come to yer aid twice!† â€Å"Foul company you keep, dwarf!† one of the riders retorted. â€Å"Your friend would be dead if it were not for that foul company!† Wulfgar replied, indicating the rider lying off to the side. â€Å"And he repays the drow with a blade!† â€Å"We are the Riders of Nesme,† the rider explained. â€Å"Our lot is to die on the field, protecting our kin. We accept this fate willingly.† â€Å"Step yer horse one more foot and ye’ll get yer wish,† Bruenor warned. â€Å"But you judge us unfairly,† Wulfgar argued. â€Å"Nesme is our destination. We come in peace and friendship.† â€Å"You’ll not get in – not with him!† spat the rider. â€Å"The ways of the foul drow elves are known to all. You ask us to welcome him?† â€Å"Bah, yer a fool and so’s yer mother,† Bruenor growled. â€Å"Ware your words, dwarf,† the rider warned. â€Å"We are five to three, and mounted.† â€Å"Try yer threat, then,† Bruenor shot back. â€Å"The buzzards won’t get much eatin’ with those dancing trees.† He ran his finger along the edge of his axe. â€Å"Let’s give ’em something better to peck at.† Wulfgar swung Aegis-fang easily, back and forth at the end of one arm. Drizzt made no move toward his weapons, and his steady calm was perhaps the most unnerving action of all to the riders. Their speaker seemed less cocksure after the failure of his threat, but he held to a facade of advantage. â€Å"But we are not ungrateful for your assistance. We shall allow you to walk away. Be gone and never return to our lands.† â€Å"We go where we choose,† snarled Bruenor. â€Å"And we choose not to fight,† Drizzt added. â€Å"It is not our purpose, nor our desire, to lay injury to you or to your town, Riders of Nesme. We shall pass, keeping our own business to ourselves and leaving yours to you.† â€Å"You shan’t go anywhere near my town, black elf!† another rider cried. â€Å"You may cut us down on the field, but there are a hundred more behind us, and thrice that behind them! Now be gone!† His companions seemed to regain their courage at his bold words, their horses stepping nervously at the sudden tensing of the bridles. â€Å"We have our course,† Wulfgar insisted. â€Å"Damn ’em!† Bruenor roared suddenly. â€Å"I’ve seen too much of this band already! Damn their town. May the river wash it away!† He turned to his friends. â€Å"They do us a favor. A day and more we`ll save by going straight through to Silverymoon, instead of around with the river.† â€Å"Straight through?† questioned Drizzt. â€Å"The Evermoors?† â€Å"Can it be worse than the dale?† Bruenor replied. He spun back on the riders. â€Å"Keep yer town, and yer heads, for now,† he said. â€Å"We’re to cross the bridge here and be rid of yerselves and all of Nesme!† â€Å"Fouler things than bog blokes roam the Trollmoors, foolish dwarf,† the rider replied with a grin. â€Å"We have come to destroy this bridge. It will be burned behind you.† Bruenor nodded and returned the grin. â€Å"Keep your course to the east,† the rider warned. â€Å"Word will go out to all the riders. If you are sighted near Nesme, you will be killed.† â€Å"Take your vile friend and be gone,† another rider taunted, â€Å"before my axe bathes in the blood of a black elf! Although I would then have to throw the tainted weapon away!† All the riders joined in the ensuing laughter. Drizzt hadn’t even heard it. He was concentrating on a rider in the back of the group, a quiet one who could use his obscurity in the conversation to gain an unnoticed advantage. The rider had slipped a bow off of his shoulder and was inching his hand, ever so slowly, toward his quiver. Bruenor was done talking. He and Wulfgar turned away from the riders and started to the bridge. â€Å"Come on, elf,† he said to Drizzt as he passed. â€Å"Me sleep’ll come better when we’re far away from these orc-sired dogs.† But Drizzt had one more message to send before he would turn his back on the riders. In one blinding movement, he spun the bow from his back, pulled an arrow from his quiver, and sent it whistling through the air. It knocked into the would-be bowman’s leather cap, parting his hair down the middle, and stuck in a tree immediately behind, its shaft quivering a clear warning. â€Å"Your misguided insults, I accept, even expect,† Drizzt explained to the horrified horsemen. â€Å"But I’ll brook no attempts to injure my friends, and I will defend myself. Be warned, and only once warned: If you make another move against us, you will die.† He turned abruptly and moved down to the bridge without looking back. The stunned riders certainly had no intention of hindering the drow’s party any further. The would-be bowman hadn’t even looked for his cap. Drizzt smiled at the irony of his inability to clear himself of the legends of his heritage. Though he was shunned and threatened on the one hand, the mysterious aura surrounding the black elves also gave him a bluff powerful enough to dissuade most potential enemies. Regis joined them at the bridge, bouncing a small rock in his hand. â€Å"Had them lined up,† he explained of his impromptu weapon. He flicked the stone into the river. â€Å"If it began, I would have had the first shot.† â€Å"If it began,† Bruenor corrected, â€Å"ye’d have soiled the hole ye hid in!† Wulfgar considered the rider’s warning of their path. â€Å"Trollmoors,† he echoed somberly, looking up the slope across the way to the blasted land before them. Harkle had told them of the place. The burned-out land and bottomless bogs. The trolls and even worse horrors that had no names. â€Å"Save us a day and more!† Bruenor repeated stubbornly. Wulfgar wasn’t convinced. * * * â€Å"You are dismissed,† Dendybar told the specter. As the flames reformed in the brazier, stripping him of his material form, Morkai considered this second meeting. How often would Dendybar be calling upon him? He wondered. The mottled wizard had not yet fully recovered from their last encounter, but had dared to summon him again so soon. Dendybar’s business with the dwarf’s party must be urgent indeed! That assumption only made Morkai despise his role as the mottled wizard’s spy even more. Alone in the room again, Dendybar stretched out from his meditative position and grinned wickedly as he considered the image Morkai had shown him. The companions had lost their mounts. and were marching into the foulest area in all the North. Another day or so would put his own party, flying on the hooves of his magical steeds, even with them, though thirty miles to the north. Sydney would get to Silverymoon long before the Drow. How to cite Streams of Silver 10. Bonds of Reputation, Essay examples

Management and Organizational Behavior Path-Goal Leadership

Question: Describe about the Management and Organizational Behavior for Path-Goal Leadership. Answer: Introduction: Leadership is the ability to make decision and inspire others towards a common shared goal (Allio, 2013). It plays a vital role in the organization. In this context, this essay discusses Path-Goal theory of leadership and its impact on work effectiveness and employees turnover intention. Body: Path Goal theory helps to embrace the leadership styles that help in motivating the employees for working in diverse work group. Path-goal leadership theory states that flexible leadership can improve the quality of work and retain the employees in the organization by enhancing the employees satisfaction (House, 1974). It includes four types of leadership style, which are described as Directive leader communicates about work group and common work goal with employees. This leadership style used where the employees are unskilled and are not able to understand the task assigned them to increase their work effectiveness (House, 1974). Supportive Leaders reduces employees stress and frustration at workplace environment by supporting them in completion of their work. According to Path Goal theory, supportive leader determines the goal for employees and provide them with clarification of task and assistance in achieving the goal. At the same time, a Participative leader focuses on mutual pa rticipation and with every member of group about work task. As per Path Goal theory, participative Leaders involve the employees in decision making which improve their work effectiveness (Dixon Hart, 2010). This approach works best when team members are experienced. Achievement-Oriented Leaders exert efforts to improve employees performance by setting challenging goals. This leadership style work when team members are unmotivated in their work. Conclusion: From above essay, it can be concluded that the four leadership styles such as directive, participative, supportive and achievement-oriented style are able to improve the work effectiveness and the employees retention in the organization. Article 1 Title and Article Reference Dixon, M. L. Hart, L.K. (2010) The Impact of Path-Goal Leadership Styles on Work Group Effectiveness and Turnover Intention. Journal of Managerial Issues. Vol. 22 No. 1 pp. 52-69 Aim / Purpose of article The purpose of the article is to provide a brief description about the relationship between Path-Goal Leadership Styles, Work-Group Effectiveness and Turnover Intention. Sample, location, method of data collection and analysis The sample size was 5 to 25 employees (blue and white color) from the entire department in the organization selected randomly. The survey method used to collect the data through questionnaire. It was analyzed that the path goal theory, wok group effectiveness and turnover intention have both positive and negative relation. Findings/Interpretations reported in the article The study examines that the success of any organization is largely dependent on the leadership styles which in turn affect ways to manage diverse workforce Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your other articles and your topic The article is different from others as it explains the importance of investing in diversity as a part of overall talent management practices for gaining competitive advantage. It also highlights the implication of various leadership styles to tackle complex human resource challenges so that an organization can attract skilled personnel and reduce employee turnover. Strengths of the article This study has sampled the employees from all the level, divisions, departments in research and explored the literature review thoroughly, which made it able to determine the relation between Path Goal Leadership style, Work Group Effectiveness, and Turnover Intention Weaknesses of the article The study has gathered data from only one source i.e., self-reports survey for making analysis. It limits the reliability of studys findings. Moreover, the attention has been given to quantitative data rather than on qualitative. Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment Employee dissatisfaction with work group experiences, including leaders styles and work group diversity, directly contributes to their turnover intentions Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment Diverse work group effectiveness tends to decline when members become dissatisfied with leadership styles that do not meet their expectations Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment Individuals adopting Path-Goal leadership styles tend to be successful in enhancing work group effectiveness because these styles enable leaders to assess needs and clarify goals in many work group situations Article 2 Title and Article reference House, J. R. (1974) A Path Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness. Adminstrative Science Quarterly. Pp. 321-338 Aim /Purpose of article To explain the effects of leader behaviour on sub-ordinate satisfaction and motivation, and performance is presented. Sample, location, and method of data collection analysis Sample- The study consisted of 199 office employees of a heavy equipment manufacturing company. The sample was randomly selected and constituted 35 percent of total population of salaried employees at the corporate offices and main plant of the company, excluding first level production foremen. It was analysed that employees are doing quasi-professional or quasi-administrated work. Findings/Interpretation reported in the article The result of the analysis, reported in Table 1, indicate support of all the hypotheses. Significance/contribution of the article related to other articles given in your topic The findings differ from the common view that although it has supports all the three hypotheses, inability to control for the characteristics of the sample studied and the magnitude of correlation requires negative moderating effect on the relationship between leader consideration and sub-ordinate satisfaction. Strengths of article Strength is to motivate the employees and improve their performance. Weakness of article Relationship is weaker for autonomous jobs. Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment Among high-level employees, initiating structure is positively related to satisfaction, performance, and perceptions of organizational effectiveness, but negatively related to role conflict and ambiguity (Rizzo et al, 1970) Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment Initiating structure is frequently resented by unskilled and semiskilled employees and is a source of dissatisfaction, grievances, and turnover Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment Diverse work groups present their leaders with challenges and benefits. Among the challenges are potentially unfavorable interpersonal relationships, impeded intra-group communication, low group cohesiveness, and high employee turnover Article 3 Title and Article Reference Allio, R. J. (2012),"Leaders and leadership many theories, but what advice is reliable?", Strategy Leadership, Vol. 41 Iss 1 pp. 4 14. Aim / Purpose of article To summarize several fundamental concept of leadership, those have shaped the current debate about leader and leadership. Sample, location, method of data collection and analysis Under this article, secondary information is used for research based on books, newspapers and leadership theories .Author used the observation method in this article for primary data. Findings/Interpretations reported in the article The suggestion that, leadership can improves with practices. This article suggests, that individual evolve into leader as they experiment with approach to new challenges and slowly integrate successful approaches into a personal leadership style. Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your other articles and your topic The finding differs from the common view that, it must understand the culture of the enterprise and the context which it operates. Strengths of the article This article focuses on the leadership skills. Weaknesses of the article Article focuses on good leader only, not on the bad and toxic leader. Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment Leadership actually emerges or develops over time not at unique specific instant. It seems to appear and then disappear; it is elusive. Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment Leadership can manifest at many places in the organization at different times. The best leaders leverage their own limited abilities by allowing and catalyzing the leadership that is latent in the organization. Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment We often look to leaders to clarify purpose and values, set direction, build community and manage change. In other words, leaders must practice strategic management develop a researched vision, a viable strategy, a focused plan and a measured implementation process and then prepare for discontinuity by continuously monitoring the environment. References: Allio, R. J. (2012),"Leaders and leadership many theories, but what advice is reliable?", Strategy Leadership, Vol. 41 Iss 1 pp. 4 14 Dixon, M. L. Hart, L.K. (2010) The Impact of Path-Goal Leadership Styles on Work Group Effectiveness and Turnover Intention. Journal of Managerial Issues. Vol. 22 No. 1 pp. 52-69 House, J. R. (1974) A Path Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness. Adminstrative Science Quarterly. Pp. 321-338

Skin Essay Example

Skin Essay Airfare in coach: Hardly at all, airfare is what it is, one airline isnt any better or safer than the next, therefore I judge on cost alone. B. Appendectomy: Heavily, anytime time you are dealing with a persons health and well-being, quality is the only guide necessary, a consumers thought process is the higher the cost, the better the surgeon. C. Baby food: I Would say heavily, for people with babies, of course they want a high quality product to feed their children. D. Cell phone Service: Heavily, I have been considering ditching Verizon and their interact based, expensive service to go to Straight Talk. However, I have heard rumor the service is not as excellent as Verizon so I continue to stay, based on that alone. E. Cosmetics: Personally this is not a topic I consider the quality much at all. Except possibly the concern for what they are making it from and the damage it could do to the skin. Other than that, I go the most cost effective route possible. F. Dog food: Again, people with dogs would probably consider this more heavily, but without a dog it doesnt apply to me. G. Electricity: Hardly at all, like airfare in coach, electricity, is what it is, there isnt a quality about it, it is a must have in todays society. H. Gasoline: I am going to respond to this the same as above with electricity and airfare, hardly at all. I. Haircut: After completing this assignment, I believe I have found out what a simple minded person am. Some people may rely heavily on the price versus quality comparison in a haircut, but I would go moderately. I certainly dont want a bowl cut but I use Great Clips for the low-cost, not Salon We will write a custom essay sample on Skin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Skin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Skin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nouveau for the quality at for times the price. J. Hotel room: Here I may be inclined to be more moderately. I will not stay in any cockroach and flea infested, pay by the hour hotel room, but I dont need to rest my head at the Four Seasons either k. Jewelry: Again would use the term heavily somewhat loosely. Due to skin conditions, I need a quality jewelry and am willing to pay extra for 14 carat gold because cheap costume jewelry doesnt work for me, but I would never be able to purchase Carrier or Tiffany anyway. L. Tanning alone: putting tanning into the same category as airfare, electricity, and gasoline. Its a tanning salon, all the beds are the same, you are still risking health/skin issues regardless of the one you choose, so I would hardly at all rely on the price to judge the quality. M. Used car: This is a tough one because the higher the cost could indicate the higher the quality depending on mileage and condition. However, there is not much deviation in cost when you look into the Kelly Blue Book prices on a vehicle so I would say moderately.

Argumentative Essay Example Should High School Be Mandatory

Argumentative Essay Example Should High School Be Mandatory High school students are facing the whole new world of education. Is it worth getting? When you’re in high school, it’s challenging enough to plan for the next week, let alone the next 10, 15, 25 years. But if a high school student had the foresight to look ahead that far in the future, and even further down the road, they would undoubtedly see the importance of having a high school education. Rather than leaving it up to the near-sighted adolescent to decide, a law should be enacted mandating that all American residents and citizens complete a high school education. After all, it’s free to the public (or paid for with taxes) kindergarten to the 12th grade. And it’s probable that most people who drop out before graduating from high school tend to lead lives of struggle, financial hardship, and criminal troubles, too. HIGH SCHOOL YEARS ARE THE MOST MEMORABLE ONES To begin with, a high school diploma should be the standard in America, because a solid high school education lays a solid foundation for the rest of a person’s life. In high school, as well as the years leading up to high school, a student learns the basics, of course – reading, writing, and arithmetic – but also how to do many other skills that will serve them well as working adults. The school prepares a person to be a responsible, resourceful adult. In school, whether a student realizes it at the time, they are developing quite valuable skills and learning important information. When a person finishes high school, they can do just about anything an adult person needs to do to survive and live a good life – read road maps and plan a trip; understand contracts and agreements, as well as read directions on how to assemble something; balance a checkbook, research how to solve a problem. A high school education is imperative for everyone looking to survive adulthood. Ultimately life is disease, death and oblivion. Its still better than high school. Dan Savage Secondly, a high school education provides a person with the knowledge and fundamental skills needed to get a job as an adult; therefore, it should be made mandatory. To survive in America as an adult, one needs a decent-paying job – and to get a job that pays even the minimum wage, a person generally needs a high school diploma. Take, for example, a gas-station attendant. They work with money most of the day, so they must have a strong foundation in math – a skill taught in school from the very beginning, up until the more-advanced math courses in high school, such as algebra and statistics. Even gas-station attendants are generally required to have some basic knowledge of technology to work the money machines. Nowadays, students begin working on computers from a very early age, in elementary school, and they’re taught more advanced computing skills in high school. Also, attendants each day must communicate information to customers and supervisors alike. Communi cation skills are created and developed through one’s schooling, through writing papers, engaging in discussions, reading, researching and conversing. Without a high school education, a person lacks the necessary skills to be successful as an adult. Thirdly,  a high school education should be mandatory for all Americans for another important reason: the entire point of education is to establish the intellectual foundations needed to be self-educated. In other words, when a person graduates from high school, they possess the intellectual and  informational resourcefulness one needs to teach him or herself just about anything. Naturally, there are tons of people with just a high school education who have gone on to become very successful individuals in just about various fields and industries. Due to their educational foundation, however, they are self-learners capable of mastering any task and challenge they face as adults. FRATERNITY VIOLENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION To conclude, there should be a law that makes a high school education mandatory for all Americans; that is, a person should be penalized for not finishing high school and getting their diploma. A lack of education hinders an individual, which hurts the economy in the long run – which in turn hinders a country from moving forward and flourishing. It gets left behind. One may go as far to argue how Americans should be legally required to have some sort of post-high school education – whether a college degree or at the very least some sort of specialty education, an apprenticeship, if one prefers the less-academic route. Either way, a high school education is necessary for anyone required to work for a living. It’s imperative for success.

Review Assignment Resume & Cover Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review Assignment Resume & Cover Letter - Essay Example So as to uniquely format the resume, the dates on the right should line up and proper space between each line. On the other hand, the resume needs to address the strengths and weaknesses of the applicant, especially on the self-employed work experience section. Due to less experience, the self-employed section should include Information Technology skills and other skills required by the job advert. Furthermore, the Cover Letter required some changes in the introduction and conclusion parts. The introduction section should explain the purpose and skills attained to fit in the position advertised. The cover letter needs to contain some more technical skills related to the job advertised. Also, the conclusion section needs to stress visions and strengths associated with the acquired skills. Hence, the needed expertise should add value to the company. Without any doubt, the two documents need some revision. The mentioned changes would make both the Resume and the Cover Letter to appeal to the eyes of the hiring managers. Such changes would help the hiring managers to associate the experience and skills needed in the job position. Besides, the documents would convey a clear message to the recruitment panel hence eliminating any doubts and uncertainties. According to the instructor’s feedback, the two documents required some revision. The revised sections would communicate well to the hiring team. Therefore, the revised document conveyed the required skills for the job

Asian American Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Asian American Arts - Essay Example Before one can analyze Jang's contribution, it is necessary to understand his background; this facilitates an appreciation of his influences. Jang began his musical journey one year before he turned twenty. At that time, he was trying to familiarize himself with basic piano skills. Shortly after, he joined a Music School called Oberlin Conservatory where he sharpened his piano skills and learnt how to compose songs. This artist completed his studies after three years and received a degree in music. It is also worth noting that the artist was born in America; specifically in Los Angeles and was subsequently raised in California. However, Jang still stayed in touch with his Chinese roots. He draws from his experiences as an immigrant Asian American but at the same time acknowledges the issues addressed in other forms of music such as social injustice in African American musical expressions. (Jon Jang, 2002) During his performances in San Francisco, Jang highlights some of the hidden facts about China town. This was especially because the Festival had been organized as a way of paying homage to the efforts made by Alice Yu in China town. Jang has an amazing way of showing his appreciation and respect for historical times that may have been forgotten or those ones which had never been mentioned before. This is because he unearthed some songs like Reparations now and Tiananmen at a Jazz Orchestra. (Jon Jang, 2002) Despite intensive tu... Some enthusiasts have called Jang's music 'two flowers on a stem' because they believe he has stayed true to his traditions yet at the same time has encouraged creativity through improvising his dual cultural identities. (Jon Jang, 2002) Jang's creativity has been employed by numerous entities in the world of classical music. For instance he did some work for The Library Congress, thereafter; he did some compositions for Chanticleer and Kronos quartet. Some of his compositions have also been presented in theatres; he wrote a composition for 'The Woman Warrior'. (Jon Jang, 2002) In an effort to complement his contributions to the Asian American musical scene, Jang has received an award from his former conservatory. He has also received a Golden ring award and has also been nominated severally by Cal Arts. Furthermore, Jang has been appreciated by the Ford Foundation for the immense contributions he made to American music. One cannot cover all the events that Jang has participated; in his capacity as a pianist, Jang has been to; -Europe -Canada -South Africa -The US One of the major highlights of these tours was his performance at the Arts Alive Festival in South Africa. While performing, Jang collaborated with Max Roach. Jang has also had the pleasure of performing in the London Royal Festival. Additionally, he has been to Berlin, Zurich and Milan in his capacity as an artist. Paul Robeson has appreciated Jang's work and so did the president of the Republic of China. There are also numerous collaborations done by this highly versatile artist. The major artist he has worked with is Max Roach. He has also joined forces with David Murray, James Newton and Maxine Hong. (Jon Jang, 2002) Not only has Jang done some

Neural Network Architecture Construction

Neural Network Architecture Construction Introduction This article is going to discuss neural network construction from a different perspective than is usual in conventional approaches. This approach, which will be referred to as Neural Architecture, is intended to explore construction of neural networks using neurons as explicit building blocks rather than anonymous elements trained en mass. Simple Python programs will be used to demonstrate the concept for simple boolean logic functions. The approach of this article is intentionally named Neural Architecture because it is meant to parallel the way in which a traditional architect systematically constructs a fine building: by developing well-known patterns of construction elements, which may be re-used to create ever more sophisticated structures. The conventional approach to neural network development is to define a network as consisting of a few layers in a multilayer-perceptron type of topology with an input layer, output layer, and one or two hidden layers. Then a training algorithm such as backpropagation is applied to develop the interconnection weights. Sometimes a more sophisticated approach is taken such as using a cascade or recurrent topology but for all intents and purposes, the end result is a standard topology of a few highly-connected layers. This approach was a major breakthrough in the field because it led some people to start thinking outside the box of symbolic reasoning that dominated Artificial In telligence at the time. It has also been successfully used in a variety of pattern recognition and control applications that are not effectively handled by other AI paradigms. However, these applications would not generally be considered to represent higher levels of intelligence or cognitive processing. For example, suppose a neural network is developed that can successfully recognize human faces under a variety of conditions. This is a highly useful application and well within the realm of conventional neural networks. However, that is where the capability of the network leaves offat recognizing the facial image. Aside from generalizing facial features, it can offer nothing more in terms of reasoning about those facial features. Further, it is asserted that the standard approach to neural network development is not suitable for realizing these higher levels of intelligence. One of the fundamental problems is the limited manner in which we approach the neural architecture. To illustrate this problem, we will return to the building architecture analogy. In this way, our standard approach to neural architecture can be likened to designing a building using bricks. An architect who always thinks in terms of bricks will not likely progress beyond a certain level of sophistication, because as a component, a brick only offers one purpose: to support other bricks. Instead, an architecture progressively develops more sophisticated, proven structures based on the brick (or other primitive components) which can be re-used to develop higher-level components. A house is conceived, not in terms of bricks and wood, but rather in terms of walls, doors, and rooms. A sophisticated architect might even find these components mundane and instead think in more abstract terms of spaces, energy and flow of human traffic. This is the notion of patterns, and in fact these (architectural) patterns were exactly the inspiration for the field of software patterns. The same thinking can be applied to neural networks: a neuron by itself only serves the function of exciting other neurons. And conventional neural net learning algorithms are geared toward categorization or other mapping operations. As a proponent of neural networks, one believes that arbitrarily complex intelligence processes can be realized, and we have the human brain as pretty convincing support of that belief. However, to continue progress in this direction, it is likely that we have to develop more sophisticated abilities as neural architects and develop useful, proven neural patterns similar to the way that building architects have done over time, and in the way software architects are now doing. Enough philosophy we will now be taking a fresh look at how patterns can be constructed starting with simple neural elements, and specifically we will start with boolean logic elements. Architecting using boolean logic does not immediately offer an advantage over using regular logic gates, but illustrates how crisp logic or symbolic elements can arise from fuzzy neural processing elements. It will also provide a conceptual foundation for future articles. Neural networks Neural network: information processing paradigm inspired by biological nervous systems, such as our brain Structure: large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working together Like people, they learn from experience. Neural networks are configured for a specific application, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through a learning process In a biological system, learning involves adjustments to the synaptic connections between neurons. The first step in the architecture process is to define the primitive building block, and if you havent fallen asleep at this point, you have no doubt figured out that this will be a neuron. The neuron model we will use is a version of the tried-and-true model used for software neural networks, also known as the perceptron. As illustrated in , the perceptron has multiple inputs and one output. The mathematical model of the perceptron is given by: a = squash(ÃŽ £(iiwi)) where: is input i to the perceptron is the weight for input i is the activation (output) and squash(x) = { 1 if x >threshold 0 otherwise The nature of the perceptron has been discussed many times elsewhere, including in Matthews, so we wont dwell on it here. But basically, the perceptron calculates a weighted sum of the inputs and then subjects it to a nonlinear squashing functionin our case, this is a simple threshold operation. The nonlinear threshold operation is part of what makes a neural net exhibit interesting behavior. Otherwise it would amount to matrix operations. Nature of the game Now that we have the model for a basic neuron defined, we can now proceed to define basic logic gates by simply working out two things: the weight values the threshold For our discussion we will assume that weights can be positive (excitory) or negative (inhibitory) and be in the range between -1 and 1. The threshold will also be assumed to be in the range -1 to 1. If we cast this in terms of signals, then it equates to the requirement that both inputs have to be sufficiently high to produce an output. So, we will set our threshold to a high value of 0.8. Next we will set the weights for the two inputs at 0.5 each. If one input is one (=1) then the neuron activation (output) will be given by a = squash( 1 * 0.5 + 0 * 0.5) = squash( 0.5 ) = 0 since 0.5

Does Hong Kong Recovered from the Subprime Crisis

Background In 2007, the soaring mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures in the United States triggered the sub-prime crisis and soon spread over the world. In this report, major causes of the sub-prime crisis and its impacts on Hong Kong’s economy will be examined. Different measures made by regulators and financial institutions to tackle this crisis will be discussed also. Lastly, evidence about the recovery of Hong Kong will be provided. The sub-prime crisisIn 2007, the collapse of subprime mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) brought to a huge loss among mortgage lenders. Many large financial firms including New Centaury Financial Corporation and Lehman Brothers Holdings Incorporation declared bankruptcy, which resulted in a downturn in the global financial market and a series of chain reactions spreading over the world afterwards. Impact of the sub-prime crisis on the Hong Kong financial institutions After the outbreak of the subprime crisis, the Hong Kong financial market sh rank along with the global economic recession.The stock market in Hong Kong declined from recorded high of 31,000 in October 2007 to 20,700 in March 2008 (Diagram 1) as investors losses their confidence and withdrew money from the market. Moreover, many banks wrote down huge amount of money for numerous sub-prime related securities. For example, HSBC wrote off US$17. 284 billion for potential losses in MBS or MBS related investments (HSBC 2008). Bank of China (Hong Kong) also wrote down HK$550m subprime-linked assets (Liu 2008). Lastly, there was a credit crunch due to the uncertainty about the amount of MBS related assets held by banks and insurance companies.As a result, many financial institutions reduced loans to each other and increased the interest rate because of high credit risk. Many new companies and corporations were unable to obtain fund to further develop and improve liquidity. Measures undertaken by the regulators and financial institutions In order to strengthen the c onfidence of the citizens and stabilize the banking system, the Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board strengthened and amended the Deposit Protection Scheme Bill in 2011. The 100 % deposit protection scheme of HK $100,000 was first launched in 2008.The amount of protection was increased to HK$500,000 in 2011. Besides, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority has made certain measures to deal with the problem. Firstly, HKMA announced a temporary policy which allowed licensed banks to access to liquidity assistance through the Discount Window with US dollar assets and extended the duration of liquidity assistance up to three months on 30th September 2008. These measures helped to improve liquidity within the banking system and further ease pressures in the interbank market (HKMA, 2008).The Hong Kong Interbank Overnight Offered Rates dropped from 3% to 0. 3% in a few weeks time after the announcement of these measures (HKMA, 2010). Secondly, the HKMA implemented a macro stress testing of the bank ing sector’s vulnerability to shocks such as the sub-prime crisis. Meanwhile, HKMA used the macroeconomic credit risk models to improve the stress testing of banks’ residential mortgage loans and other loan portfolios (Carse, 2008). The objective of this testing is to help HKMA monitor the banking sector and avoid problems similar to sub-prime crisis from happening in Hong Kong.Financial institutions wrote off large amount of money and tried to raise money in the market to improve their liquidity. In 2009, HSBC announced a USD$17. 7 billion rights issue. Shareholders were offered five new ordinary shares for every 12 existing shares at a price of HK$28 per new share (HSBC, 2009). This helped HSBC to restore its capital-debt ratio and allowed it to go over bad times without government assistance. Has Hong Kong economy fully recovered? According to the statistic in 2011, the real GDP growth rate was restored to 5% from -2. % in 2009. And the unemployment rate was dropped to pre-crisis level, it decreased from 5. 4% in January 2009 to 3% in December 2011 (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department , 2012). The supply of money is in an increasing trend as well. Both M3 and domestic credit were having a 10% increase in 2010, compared with a decrease in 2008 and 2009. And the inter-bank offered rate dropped to a very low level of 0. 09% (Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department , 2012). These figures show that Hong Kong economy has restored gradually to pre-crisis level.However, there are certain hidden problems. Firstly, regulators worry about the inflation problem in Hong Kong after the injection of trillions of funds into the market from the Federal Reserve. Since HK dollar is linked with US dollar, the large increase in money supply in U. S dollar will in turn accelerate the inflation in Hong Kong. Secondly, the case of Lehman Brothers Mini Bond has shown that current regulations on financial products are not sufficient, small individual investor s can be misled easily.Further regulations and monitoring on financial products is necessary. Lastly, after the â€Å"lesson† of subprime crisis, many people lost their belief in financial investment which as a result restricted the development of financial market in Hong Kong. To conclude, the subprime does not only cause many adverse consequences to the global financial market including Hong Kong, but also brings some hidden problems. The cooperation between government and financial institutions is vital to help Hong Kong economy recover from the sub-prime crisis.

Monitor Disease And Spread Health And Social Care Essay

Epidemiologic surveies are meant to supervise disease and spread within assorted populations. The results of surveies are meant to supply valid, accurate information about causes, bars, and interventions for disease ( Ashengrau & A ; Seage, 2008 ) . Experimental surveies are believed to supply more scientifically accurate information than experimental surveies. When get downing an experimental survey, before enrolling participants, research workers must take a survey design and suggest a hypothesis. The hypothesis will explicate the intent of the survey, the survey design, and the exact lineation, timeline, and execution of the survey. For illustration, a survey conducted by Berman, Jones, & A ; McCloskey ( 2005 ) was proposed to turn out that the side effects of Valium cause suicidal, self- aggressive Acts of the Apostless. Research workers wanted to carry on the survey in a research lab puting where three randomly- assigned groups would be administered a placebo, 5 milligram, or 10 mg Valium. Self- aggressive behaviour was measured by research workers after the capsules were distributed to all experimental groups. Participants were so provided the opportunity to self- administer electric dazes to themselves. After the survey was approved, participants were recruited based on the eligibility criterions and include inclusion and exclusion standards. Inclusion standards were based on the participant ‘s wellness history. Diazepam respondents were screened by telephone, to unwrap medical information that would except them from the survey, such as chronic or neurological unwellness and prescription drug use. The exclusion standards were incompatibilities to the surveies agents, or participants intending the participants had features that made them ineligible for the survey. Using either a random or non-random method to delegate persons into a survey group, during an experimental survey participants are separated into either two or more groups. In the Valium survey, 46 healthy grownups, 27 work forces and 19 adult females, that are a average age of 22.87 old ages old ( Berman, Jones, & A ; McCloskey, 2005 ) . One group is treated with the agent while the control group is receives inactive intervention, or no intervention at all. Research workers will so administer the interventions and observe participants. The concluding phase is known as the follow-up phase where the testers collect consequences. â€Å" If the end of the survey is to forestall the happening of disease, the result may include the precursors of disease or the first happening of disease. On the other manus, if the survey is proving a new intervention among persons who already have a disease, outcomes may include disease return, symptom betterment, length of endurance, or side effects † ( Ashengrau & A ; Seage, 2008, p. 172 ) . Diazepam participants were observed 40 proceedingss after taking the medicine. Consequences proved that Valium is related to self- aggressive behaviours. â€Å" Diazepam ( 10 milligram ) was associated with higher norm shock self-administered than placebo. Subjects having 10 mg Valium were besides more likely to try to self-administer a daze that they were led to believe was â€Å" terrible † and painful † ( Berman, Jones, & A ; McCloskey, 2005, p.100 ) . Experimental surveies besides have benefits. They are considered to be more relaxed surveies because they, â€Å" take advantage of the fact that people are exposed to noxious and/or healthy substances through their personal wonts, business, topographic point of abode, and so on † ( Ashengrau & A ; Seage, 2008, p. 140 ) . There are two different types of observation surveies, one being cohort surveies and the other being case- control surveies. Although experimental surveies provide utile scientifically accurate information they can be impractical because they are dearly-won, sometimes unethical, and participants are non ever willing to be involved in a survey that involves digesting non-prescribed medicine ( Ashengrau & A ; Seage, 2008 ) . Because of this, experimental surveies are used most frequently by epidemiologists. Cohort surveies look at one or more instances of exposure, intending participants with similar features are looked at based their initial exposure position and followed over a period of clip to find the wellness results. For illustration Tomson, Perucca, and Battino ( 2004 ) conducted a survey on adult females of childbearing age with epilepsy and the effects of antiepileptic drugs on gestation results. The populations studied in cohort surveies are: unfastened, fixed, or closed. No affair the survey chosen, participants are still grouped harmonizing to their exposure and followed over clip. Open cohort surveies involve participants who leave the survey if they are no longer eligible. For illustration, research workers are carry oning a cohort survey of birth defect frequence among Arizona occupants, aged 20-40, who are female, between the old ages 2000-2012, who have epilepsy. This specific population is being used to understand the high hazard of birth defects within people with those features. If person turned 41, and moved to New York they would no longer be eligible for the survey. A fixed cohort is one in which a participant is involved in an irrevokable event, â€Å" for illustration, undergoing a medical process, giving birth to a kid, functioning in the military, eating contaminated nutrient at a field day, or being present a adult male made or natural catastrophe † ( Ashengrau & A ; Seage, 2008, p. 204 ) . Cohort surveies use clocking to find a participant ‘s exposure to disease. Prospective surveies group instances based on past or current exposure and follow them to understand their wellness results in the hereafter. Retrospective survey participants are grouped based on past exposure and research workers look at results that have already occurred. In ambidirectional cohort surveies elements of both prospective and retrospective surveies are used. Cohort surveies, like experimental surveies, test a hypothesis based on exposures, results, and other lending factors. For illustration, research workers follow participants by roll uping medical records and consequences, interviews, physical scrutinies, and detecting their environment ( Ashengrau & A ; Seage, 2008 ) . While analyzing the effects of antiepileptic drugs on gestation, research workers followed adult females by carry oning phone interviews monthly and administering studies. These adult females were diagnosed epileptics taking medicine ; the research workers followed them throughout their gestations to understand the affects of different anti-epileptic drugs on birth results ( Tomson, Perucca, & A ; Battino, 2004 ) . A case-control survey is another experimental survey that is similar to a cohort survey. Case- control surveies look at the correlativity between exposure and disease. They can be used alternatively of cohort surveies if, â€Å" the exposure informations is hard or expensive to obtain, the disease is rare, the disease has long initiation and latent period, small is known about the disease, or the implicit in population is dynamic † ( Ashengrau & A ; Seage, 2008, p. 234 ) . Alternatively of making a hypothesis, in case- control surveies research workers create a instance definition and they separate their participants into groups based on whether or non they have the disease or do non hold the disease. The ground that case- control surveies are less expensive is because research workers collect informations from infirmaries, clinics, decease certifications, studies, particular describing systems, friends, and relations of instances ; control groups are besides selected from the se resources. Control groups are the population that provides information on exposure distribution ( Ashengrau & A ; Seage, 2008 ) . Data collected is similar to cohort surveies. Depending on the survey, research workers will carry on personal interviews ; administer studies, request research lab consequences, and medical records to find the disease rates. All surveies have their advantages and disadvantages. Experimental surveies provide utile statistics that prove whether agents involved in intervention of a disease work. But, there are multiple disadvantages to experimental surveies. They are expensive and some surveies are considered unethical. Medical professionals and the general population are non willing to take part in a survey where absolutely healthy persons could have intervention for a status they do non hold. Experimental surveies are popular among epidemiologists because they are less expensive, unlike experimental surveies. Cohort surveies can straight mensurate disease, incident, or hazard. They can besides measure multiple effects of an exposure, but they are still expensive and inefficient when used on diseases that began a long clip ago with hibernating periods. Case- control surveies are utile when analyzing rare diseases within a big population. All three surveies are used by epidemiologists. Different surveies ar e chosen depending on the research being conducted and the population being studied.